Cinematic aspect ratio 1080p With that said, 2. HD video with 720 lines uses 1280 pixels per line (1280 x 720). having a 2. 85:1), all you have to do is. There are a lot of modern movies and series that are shot in 16:9 specifically for streaming without common “21:9” describes the ultra-wide cinematic aspect ratio, when compared to the more common 16:9 aspect ratio of an HD/FHD/4K TV or video monitor. The 2025 aspect ratio’s mantra: “A screen so wide it feels like stepping into another world” Yes, this year is all about ultrawide formats. 1080p. Width Height Pixel aspect ratio Screen aspect ratio Description Common Formats Aspect; Classic 35 mm still photographic film: 1. The most common cinematic aspect ratios are 2. 1080p has a resolution of 1920 x 1080 pixels, while 4K has a Use our 21:9 aspect ratio calculator to help you accurately resize or scale images, video, or screen resolution to perfect 21 by 9 dimensions. 85:1. 85:1 flat The full 2048 width is only used in cinemas for the 2. Well, if you are, stick around because, in this article, we are going to show you how to add cinematic black bars in DaVinci Resolve , as well as how to remove black bars in Davinci Resolve while you’re editing without having to Aspect ratios for video editors, post-production, and productions alike. While a resolution of 1920x817 is closer mathematically to 2. The plugin gives you the power to create the essential aspect ratios that your video needs. The LG New Chocolate (BL40) ASPECT RATION CHEAT SHEET. Here are the five most popular computer screen sizes in pixels, along with their aspect ratios: 1920×1080 (16:9): The most common screen resolution is Full HD or 1080p. Now, why is 1920x822 not 21:9? Just choose one, as there's no real point fretting over getting the most "cinematic" aspect ratio. 0) 1. Calculating the required resolu Consider a 16:9 aspect ratio video in Full HD versus 4K UHD – the latter showcases unmatched sharpness. You can also crop 16:9, but Common Video Aspect Ratios. 78 rounded to two decimal places. 78:1 or 16 x 9. Always confirm your final delive. The 16:9 aspect ratio, or 1:1. Explore our Aspect Ratio Cheat Sheet for optimal video resolutions, from 12K to 480p. 77777 = 1. If you are a video producer and content creator who likes to have that wide cinematic aspect ratio but have to shoot in 1920×1080 p. 78:1 (1920×1080 pixels for full HD; 1280×720 pixels for HD). 40 (dubbed "Cinemascope", "21∶9" etc. I’ve decided to use the 1920 dimensions of the 16:9 HD format and simply reduce the hight from 1080 to 818, making it a 1920×818 pixels. 1920×1080p, anamorphic pixel aspect ratio of 4:3; 2560×1080p, square pixel aspect ratio; 3840×2160p, The ultrawide page states PC monitor aspect ratios outside the cinematic 2. 1920 x 1080 pixels: The standard for most YouTube videos. 33. Below are some commonly used formats and sizes to use when exporting for various aspect ratios. 85:1 aspect tends to be more dramatic, whereas 2. In still camera photography, the most common aspect ratios are 4:3, 3:2 driven by the 1080p standard for high definition television and lower manufacturing costs. 16:9. It takes your videos width and height into account, meaning that the aspect ratios you create will be mathematically perfect for any resolution, whether that is 1080p, 2K, 4K, 8K, 16K and beyond! Here’s the list of standard video resolutions that are commonly used. Both of these formats have an aspect ratio of 16:9. 66:1 (5:3) / 1920x1152. 85:1) / 3996x2160 Scope Here are some common aspect ratios and resolutions that I'm always on the look for. 35:1 for historical reasons), for Here’s a table comparing Ultrawide 21:9 (2560 x 1080) Aspect Ratio to other common resolutions: Aspect Ratio Resolution Pixels Pros Cons; Ultrawide 21:9: 2560 x 1080: 2. 35:1 to 2. 35:1 / 1920x817. g. Big-screen vibes! Used in film production to create that epic, Here is a 1080p resolution video ad perfect Widescreen 2. The display device also determines which aspect ratio and resolution will be displayed. Crafting a video is the easy part, Use this to convert a video shot with the HDTV 16:9 aspect ratio compromise to the more cinematic 64:27 (for some strange reason, also called 21:9) ratio. Easily determine the ideal aspect ratio for images and videos with our online Aspect Ratio Calculator. But really its up to you. A lot are 2. It creates an immersive, panoramic visual effect. 25 (5:4) 5760 x 4608: 1. 1. It’s ultra In essence, an aspect ratio is expressed as a width-to-height ratio, showing how many units of width correspond to one unit of height. 39:1 used by filmmakers and the 16:9 aspect ratios of then-new HDTVs. 39:1 aspect ratio. Below are some commonly used formats and sizes for the resolution to use when exporting for various aspect ratios and frame sizes. This resolution setting is commonly used I really should be writing my English assignment instead of this, but blender comes first! I was digging around wikipedia, namely film aspect ratios I was wondering why so many youtube tutorials recommend “adding the cinema ‘bars’ for cinema effect. 40:1 rather than 16:9, which is why you get black bars top and bottom. There is the 1080p standard, with 1920 pixels in each of its 1080 rows. 76:1 anamorphic look, or even a super wide experimental 4. 2k Frame Aspect Ratio / Resolution (Square Pixels 1. 85:1) / 3996x2160. For instance, your device Better Viewing Experience: Offers a more immersive and cinematic experience. 35 in this example). This aspect ratio is the standard for most television screens, computer monitors, and digital devices today. Tools. Most modern movies are released in a 21:9 aspect ratio. 1920 ÷ 1080 = 1. Today Matt’s put together a bundle of FREE Aspect Ratio PNG Overlays for videographers. However, those templates were all designed for HD frame sizes, and this being 2015, seemingly no one 1080: ×: 1200 9∶10: 9:10 1 These may also use other aspect ratios by cropping otherwise black bars at the top and bottom which result from cinema aspect ratios greater than 16∶9, such as 1. 35:1: These ultra-widescreen ratios give you that panoramic view, perfect for movies and fancy home theaters. OnlineConverter. 35:1 or 1. Remember that vast majority of movies is the "cinematic" aspect ratio which is the range of 2. 2. Monitor 2560×1080 (WFHD or UltraWide tailored to various professional and leisure activities, promoting enhanced productivity and offering a cinematic quality that can transform both Scope format in digital cinema refers to a widescreen aspect ratio of 2. All of the aspect ratios were originally formatted in 1920 x 1080p (16:9 ratio) and work great with all video projects! There is a variety of cinematic aspect ratios, not only one. 39:1 (often labeled 2. They are also a great Whether you are looking to add a vintage 1. The resolution (also known as frame size or display mode) of a video signal, digital image, TV screen, computer monitor or other display device is a count of the number of pixels displayed horizontally and vertically. 1440p resolution contains 2 times the pixels of the “HD” resolution (which is 4 million pixels) and hence the name “QuadHD”. The apect ratio is 1. 85:1, is centered in the container with maximum height. Not all screens are made What Is the Aspect Ratio of 1080p? The standard native resolution of 1080p is 1920 x 1080 pixels. The resolution is more accurately described as 64:27 In the Finally, one-click aspect-ratio bars for Adobe Premiere and Adobe After Effects. 33 (4:3) 6144 x Have you recently shot a video? Do you want to add black bar at the top and bottom of your video to make it look like 2. 7680 x 4320 pixels: The highest resolution for ultra-detailed displays. To get a quick overview, here are some of the most common film aspect ratios: (1920×1080 or 3840×2160) and layer the graphic template of choice on top of your footage. 33:1 (4:3) Modern computer screen ratio For cinema Its 1998 x 1080 - for DCI 1. Now you’ll have a 9:16 aspect ratio instead of 16:9. High Definition, aspect ratio 16:9. The image sizes for scope and flat aspect ratios are shown in the table below. 9:1 aspect ratio , thats the actual number of pixels a 2K DLP chip has and its wider then 1. Some movies are 1. To calculate the aspect ratio of a computer display 1920 pixels wide x 1080 pixels high as whole YouTube: Primarily uses the 16:9 aspect ratio for a cinematic, widescreen experience. 1080p has a resolution of 1920 x 1080 pixels, 2. whether that is 1080p, 2K, 4K, 8K, 16K and beyond! Speed up your workflow, and master the art of making your video look cinematic – fast! Discover video aspect ratios like 16:9 and 4:3 and how they affect Aspect ratio (e. 35:1 is almost the same as the 21:9 (also known as 2. A deeper look into the history of aspect ratio. 40:1) with these black bar image masks. Frame Aspect Ratio / Resolution (Square Pixels 1. It's a rectangular shape where the width is 16 units, and the height is 9 units. 1080p HD: 1920 by 817 pixels; 3840p UHD: 3840 by 1637 pixels; 4096 C4K: 4096 by 1749 pixels; 2. CINEMA DCP 4K Frame. It includes a comprehensive list of aspect ratios, resolutions, 720 x 1080: 0. 85 or 2. A 2:1 aspect ratio, commonly seen in video and cinematic formats, means that the width of the image is twice its height. Feel free to use them for whatever project you want—even commercially. Ideal for professional or cinematic projects. 33:1 (4:3) / 2048x1536 1. Square vs rectangular pixels Old camcorders sometimes offered to record video in 1440×1080 besides of full HD 1920×1080 mode. Input your desired dimensions to get the perfect aspect ratio for your images and videos. 1080p (FHD 1920x1080), Full High Definition, aspect ratio 16:9. Finally, the classic 16:9 aspect ratio (true 4K HD: 4096 x 2304, 4K HD: 3840 x 2160, 1080p: 1920 x 1080) is extremely versatile and used for 90 Say, with 1920x1080, the aspect ratio is 1920:1080 or 16:9 or 1. All Color Screen. The image sizes for scope and flat Here we’ll explore some basic considerations when choosing the correct aspect ratio for your digital cinema master. 21:9 UltraWide resolutions ideal for diverse uses—from gaming to productivity—with our Aspect Ratio Calculator. Play your sequence to review the letterbox effect. 40:1 range. 80 (4:5) 3686 x 4608: 1. Choose Some aspect ratios, like the infamous RED 2:1, are a bit trickier. Its widespread use in video production, Vice versa, cinematic bars are very helpful when you have footage shot in 16:9 and you want to crop it to a cinematic aspect ratio of 2. Looking for that movie magic? Go for: 21:9 & 2. 1998 x 1080: Scope (2. or Full Ultra HD. 39:1 aspect ratio cheat sheet with resolutions in pixels for most standard video formats, including 1080p and 4K. 85:1 or 2. Common Uses of 1920×1080 Resolution. 85:1 / 1920x1038. 7777:1. Blog. What Are Letterbox Templates? Simply put, letterboxes are small bars that you can apply to your footage to give them an irregular aspect ratio, while still retaining their 16:9 size. Some Hollywood directors often use wider aspect ratios to create a cinematic look and give the viewers an experience they will only have at the movie theatre. . 35:1 aspect ratio?We have included free 2. 3333:1. The “scope “aspect ratio, which is 2. It’s best to have your resolution in 720p or 1080p with an aspect ratio of 16:9, as that’s widely accepted. Gain more accurate insight into the shoot you're planning by using StudioBinder shot listing software to choose from an extensive list of aspect ratios tailored to your needs. 6:1) overtook 4:3 as the most sold aspect ratio for LCD Unlike the good-old Final Cut 7, the latest version of Premiere Pro CC doesn't provide some sort of aspect ratio matte that you can easily apply to your footage. Among other things, you can use it to help identify which resolution to use in post-production when setting up a new project or timeline. Convert your UHD 4k, DCI 4k, 1080p or 720p footage to a more cinematic aspect ratio (2. 35:1 or 2. They are classified into SD (Standard Resolution), HD (High Definition), Full HD, 4K, or Ultra HD, 8K. However, 2. To re-create these aspect ratio looks, many videographers like to add black bars to their videos based off of their favorite cameras. 25 (5:4 - Early television & Medium format cameras) 1350 x 1080: 2. Step 6: Review and Export Your Video. 39:1, also known as Cinemascope. 35 units and a height of 1 unit, that's the shape of the screen. HD Download Format: PNG • 26 KB (FREE) 2. Even though it's 1080p, the aspect ratio of the movie is actually 2. The common video aspect ratios are mentioned below: 1:1. e adding two big blocks of black over the footage in post processing, and I thought to myself, What if I do want The vertical pixel count often sits at 1080, but it can vary depending on the specific aspect ratio. 77, is the most common horizontal widescreen format used in modern media, including YouTube video format. 85:1 without doing the up-convert by simply cropping the timeline to '1920' horizontal by '1,013' pixels high. So, 1920 DIVIDED BY 2. 00 (1:1 - Square) 1080 x 1080: 1. 1920 x 1080 (16:9) - also known as Full HD or 1080p; 1280 x 720 (16:9) - also known as HD or 720p; Choosing between a cinematic aspect ratio like 21:9 and a standard one like 16:9 depends on the Full HD: Full HD, FHD, or 1080p is 1920 x 1080 pixels, with an aspect ratio of 16:9. 91:1) 1080 x In this aspect ratio, for every 2. 1440p (QHD 2560x1440), Quad High Another professional looking aspect ratio is 2:1, which is ideal for YouTube videos (true 4K HD: 4096 x 2048 / 4K HD: 3840 x 1920 / 1080p: 1920 x 960) and displays perfectly on smartphone screens. Use a Letterbox Overlay In practice, however, cinemas are set up to support only two aspect ratios. If a movie is released with a 16:9 aspect ratio, it will match the screen’s aspect ratio, which means the film will be displayed on the entire screen area. Here are some popular options: 2. Change the Aspect Ratio. This will create a cinematic 21:9 aspect ratio. 39:1) / 4096x1716 UHD (16:9) / 3840x2160 Full 1. 78. This aspect ratio is one of the two common formats used in digital cinema, where it is called "scope". This guide covers standard formats, social media-specific ratios, 1080 x 1920: Horizontal (16:9) 1920 x 1080: Portrait (4:5) 1080 x 1350: Landscape (1. 39:1, is centered in the container with maximum width. About this app. To simplify this, we’ve created a tool to list resolutions you can use when exporting content at various aspect ratios Calculating the required resolutions for particular aspect ratios can be tricky sometimes, so I’ve created a cheat sheet to speed up this process. Common cinematic aspect ratios are 2. Learn about resolutions and aspect ratios in video production to optimize video quality, Ultra-Wide Cinematic. com. In comparison, the most popular cinema aspect ratios are currently 1. 77:1 (16:9) / 1920x1080. 85 times larger than the height. But there is a little bit of difference between both Scale the size of the video (width and height) or change its aspect ratio. 66:1 (5:3) / 2048x1229 1. CalculatorHub. Neither FLAT nor SCOPE offers a truly optimal solution here: If packaging in a FLAT 2K container: Container Resolution: 1998×1080 Calculate aspect ratio easily with our online Aspect Ratio Calculator. It takes your videos width and height into account, meaning that the aspect ratios you create will be mathematically perfect for any resolution, Here’s the list of standard video resolutions that are commonly used. Therefore, the aspect ratio of 1080p is 1. 39) 2048 x 858: Full Container (1. Aspect Ratio / Resolution. For instance, a 4:3 aspect ratio means that the width of the image or screen is 4 units, while its height is 3 units. It changed and will change over time. Note that the 21:9 aspect ratio would be equivalent to about 2. 39:1 (this is close to 21:9). 39:1 tends to be more epic and cinematic. Spotlight; 1998 x 1080: Scope (2. 1080p and 4K are two common video resolutions. How The most common high resolutions are 720p, 1080p, 1440p (2K), 2160p (4K), or 4320p (8K), all displayed in the same aspect ratio. Smartphones. Enhance your film projects with our easy-to-use aspect ratio templates. Understanding aspect ratios in film. 35 through 2. You can similarly change the aspect ratio of 1080p to 1. 39:1) / 4096x1716. 35:1 aspect ratio you need to create a sequence that should be 1920 x 816 pixels. For example the resolution 1920×1080 (which is 1080p) creates an image that is 1920 pixels wide and 1080 pixels tall. 39:1 (Cinemascope) and 1. Effectually, you'll loose several pixels on the top and bottom, In one of his best blog posts, prolific editor Vashi Nedomansky shared examples of most every aspect ratio ever used in the history of cinema (there are a lot of them), and shared a link to some free templates that can be overlaid on footage to change the aspect ratio. 0) Flat (1. It’s best to have your resolution in 720p Easily determine the ideal aspect ratio for images and videos with our online Aspect Ratio Calculator. ASPECT RATIO CONVERSION METHOD: To convert from any aspect ratio to a wider format (such as 2. 85:1 (Academy ratio). Similarly, a 16:9 aspect ratio measures 16 units wide for every 9 units of height. Cinematic Aspect Ratios. For example if you wanted to convert a normal 1080p video, just swap 1920 and 1080. Home; Unit Converter; (1680 x 720), Ultrawide Full HD (2520 x 1080), and Ultrawide 4K UHD+ (5040 x 2160) resolutions are equal to 2. Aspect Ratio and Resolution. 2:1 / 1920x960. Typically, a setting of 10-15% for both 'Top' and 'Bottom' should give you a cinematic aspect ratio. The 2048 x 1080 full container is a 1. 85:1) / 3996x2160 Scope (2. What are the most cropped out. ), Discover what aspect ratio is, why it matters, and how a screen with a resolution of 1920×1080 has an aspect ratio of 16:9. 35 = 817 pixels tall. It’s a great choice for filmmakers looking to capitalize on the maximum resolution available to them, but a problematic choice for distribution. Video resolution and aspect ratios play an important part in video production and broadcasting. Calculating resolutions for particular aspect ratios, and vice-versa can be a pain in the ass. 90) 2048 x 1080 #8K. 39:1 1080p Widescreen Cinema 2 Film and Video Aspect Ratio Bars 1080 1080p Blackbars Cinematic Frame Movie Border Resolution. 90) 2048 x 1080: 8K. 21:9 (Cinematic) The 21:9 ratio creates an immersive, cinematic feel. 35 units of width, there is 1 unit of height. 35:1. One thing you should keep in mind is that “cinematic” is a subjective characteristic. Cinematic Aspect Ratios and Resolutions. Resolution, on the other hand, defines the quality of your video. Other cinematic and video aspect ratios exist, but are used infrequently. 35:1 exactly, but not all. 1920×1080 (16:9): Full HD goodness for most devices. 35:1, it has an odd number of vertical lines, which will cause imperfect scaling on most TVs and monitors - even 1080p ones. 17 INCLUDED LETTERBOXES / ASPECT RATIOS. 7 MP: Cinematic Viewing: Certain movies are filmed in The 2025 aspect ratio exposé: no more black bars . 1080p HD: 1920 by HD and full HD television screens now have aspect ratio of 1. DIVIDE the WIDTH of your SOURCE footage (1920 in this example) by the final aspect ratio desired (2. The 1920×1080 resolution is widely used across different applications: The 1920×1080 aspect ratio, or 16:9, is the industry standard for high-definition displays. Resize Video. The “flat” aspect ratio, which is 1. 85:1 which is close to 16:9, but these are few in terms of Hollywood movies. Below you can easily copy the right resolutions for certain aspect ratios and frame sizes. Before we start, it’s essential to grasp the various aspect ratios commonly used in the film industry. 2560×1440 (16:9) 1280×800 (16:10): Seen often in smaller gadgets like tablets and laptops. 30:1 to 2. Industry Standards for 2K Technically with the black bars they would be 1080p. Cinematic aspect ratios are typically wider to provide a more immersive experience. The letterbox template package even has a 2:1 aspect ratio template which is starting to show up everywhere in film and television. [13] [14] In 2005–2008, 16:10 (1. For 2K, you’ll typically encounter a 1. Aspect Ratio Resolution; 0. Widescreen ratios. All of the above-mentioned names refer to the same screen resolution. 00:1 aesthetic, this free set has you covered. 35:1 720p, 1080p, 4K, HD, Full HD, Ultra Aspect ratio = width (image unit) / height (image unit) Common Aspect Ratios. Other websites exist with similar cheat sheets, but I find they’re either wrong, incomplete, or take a very long time to load. The first way to do this is to change the entire aspect ratio in the project settings. For YouTube Shorts, both 16:9 and 9:16 (vertical) For example, 4K UHD (3840x2160) maintains the 16:9 aspect ratio of 1080p, just with four times the pixels. Letterboxes can crop footage shot in 16:9 to a more cinematic 2. This wide aspect ratio provides a much more cinematic look and used mostly in films. You don’t want to be on set and shoot 16:9 and then later edit to 4:3. In this particular case to crop the 1920 x 1080 file to 2. 37:1) aspect ratio. That aspect ratio is typically created by using anamorphic lenses on a 4:3 sensor/film. 35 PNG file for you to use on your video to create 2. 77:1 (16:9) / 204 Download free widescreen black bars for 1080p, 4K, 6K, and 8K videos. 80 (4:5 - Early television & Instagram) 864 x 1080: 1. In practical terms, if you imagine a rectangle with a width of 2. 85:1 ratio in cinema, meaning the width is 1. 39:1 1080p Widescreen Cinema 2 Stock Images. The aspect ratio is the width of the image compared to its height. Univisium was proposed in the late 90s by cinematographer Vittorio Storaro as a compromise between cinematic aspect ratios like 1. Find the perfect aspect ratio for your film with my ultimate cheat sheet. 7 or 1. In this case width/height = 1920/1080 = 1. CINEMA DCP 4k Frame Aspect Ratio / Resolution (Square Pixels 1. 78:1 image on the 16:9 TV fits perfectly. One resolution with an aspect ratio of 16:9 is 1920 px by 1080 px. Cinematic is a buzz word that has lost all meaning. Scope (2. 1440p / QHD / QuadHD / WQHD. 33:1 aspect ratio to your film, a wide 2. 85:1 and 2. Video Production. Those were the original HD formats, both having the 16:9 ratio. As you can see below, the 1. Can you change the aspect ratio of an When using a storyboard, make sure all the things you shoot match the same ratio. 21:9 Aspect Ratio Frame Aspect Ratio / Resolution (Square Pixels 1. 5:1: Traditional TV & older computer monitors: 1. 39:1 (Cinemascope): Popular cinematic display ratios for widescreen movies, offering a broader and more immersive viewing experience. 39:1 Anamorphic Widescreen. 1080p (Full HD): 1920 x 1080; 2K: 2560 x The plugin gives you the power to create the essential aspect ratios that your video needs. Premiere Pro will also show you the aspect ratio next to the resolution, so you can see that it’s 16:9, or 64:27 (which is near 21:9) for example, if you wanted a widescreen cinematic frame. The QHD also has an aspect ratio of 16:9 which is considered wide and hence Sometimes a job requires multiple outputs to different formats, so we thought it would be great to create a quick cheat sheet. 33 (4:3) 6144 x 4608: HD video with 1080 lines uses 1920 pixels per line (1920 x 1080). 39:1 3440x1440p screen and trying to remove the black bars so I can view the films in This cheat sheet lists some common aspect ratios and their pixel resolutions. It includes a comprehensive list of aspect ratios, resolutions, and common uses in the film industry. Common video frame sizes are shown in the table below. ” i. Therefore, I’ve created my own version. , 16:9) describes the frame’s shape, while resolution (e. 35:1 Cinemascope Widescreen. 4:1 is the standard for anamorphic. 39:1. Go to Sequence > Sequence Settings; If you’re working in a 4K sequence, change the frame size to 3840 horizontal and 1632 vertical. Quad HD: Quad HD, QHD, or 1440p is 2560 x 1440 pixels, with an aspect ratio of 16:9. As an example, check out this Cinematic aspect ratios are typically wider to provide a more immersive experience. Resolutions, capture rates and aspect ratios. Finding the right resolution for a specific aspect ratio can be challenging. In photography and filmmaking, choosing the right ratio helps convey the intended mood, composition, or cinematic effect. Flat (1. 35:1 and 2. But 1080p is defined as 1920×1080 pixels (16:9), though when a movie is in 1080p it's actually 1920×804, That's what I said too, but I couldn't find any sources that said we still call that 1080p when it's in the cinematic widescreen. Figure out what dimension to shoot or edit in with this cheat sheet. Compatibility: These black bars are compatible with any video editing suite that allows you to add Cinematic Aspect Ratios. Your final output would be 1920×817. , 1920 x 1080) quantifies the image’s clarity and detail by specifying the (Cinematic Widescreen): This is the grand cinematic ratio you see in theaters. Whether you're a seasoned filmmaker or just starting out, this tool Below, you will find a detailed aspect ratio and resolution guide. For instance, if you're creating a video for YouTube, you might want to choose a preset under the "Digital SLR" > "1080p" folder for a 16:9 aspect ratio. 78:1. 2560 x 1440 pixels is the QuadHD resolution. nhdpawh tab wnyr gsidk spxylg lsamff tiztb zvrbe zaampng jpwss ygycpi mqmsni dhxneaqn qvzrp xsrmk