The presence of epileptic seizures and cranial MRI findings The purpose of this chapter is to describe the analytical methods that are available for detecting, measuring, and/or monitoring toluene, its metabolites, and other biomarkers of exposure and effect to toluene. Age: 20 years. CT abnormalities will depend on the elapsed time from ingestion. A total of 20 male rabbits were used as control and experimental groups. Similar to CT, symmetric and bilateral involvement of the basal ganglia may be appreciated on MRI brain during the intermediate syndrome 3,6. Drugs of abuse affecting the CNS include cocaine, heroin, alcohol, amphetamines, toluene, and cannabis. Imaging plays a key role in determining the most probable diagnosis, pointing to the next steps of investigation, and providing prognostic information. 4°C); therefore, it is a significant fire hazard at room temperature. After absorption and distribution, methanol undergoes rapid, sequential oxidation by the Jul 1, 2022 · We had one patient (4%) each of isoniazid, methyl iodide, dextropropoxyphene toxicity, chronic toluene abuse, and hyperglycemia-induced hemiballismus-hemichorea. The problem of toluene abuse will be considered as an instructive example of this relatively neglected area of substance abuse. Feb 6, 2024 · Citation, DOI, disclosures and article data. Toluene has a low acute toxicity. Office of Innovation and Analytics, Toxicology Section. Feb 24, 2022 · Toxic leukoencephalopathy remains a major umbrella differential that causes AMS. May 5, 2012 · The central nervous system (CNS) is a target organ for drugs of abuse as well as specific prescribed medications. 1 However, there are side effects of this treatment, such as hepatitis, peripheral and central neurotoxicity, lupus-like syndrome, and hypersensivity reactions. MRI of the CNS in toluene vapor abusers has demonstrated multifocal CNS involvement and diffuse CNS demyelination. White matter T2 hyperintensity (focal and diffuse) is the most common finding, seen in approximately 50% of patients, typically after at least 4 years of abuse. " Toluene intoxication has long been associated with the development of type 1 (distal) renal tubular acidosis (RTA), which causes a normal anion gap hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis and hypokalemia . The commonly observed neuropsychological deficits such as impairments in processing speed, sustained attention, memory retrieval, executive function Aug 8, 2023 · Toluene and benzene can be found in products such as gasoline, nail polish, hair dye, acrylic spray paint, airplane glue, plastic cement, cleaning products, and paint thinners. Case report: A toluene addicted man, after an abstinence period and a treatment with neuroleptics, presented with severe worsening of preexisting generalized tremor, opsoclonus, dysarthria, gait inability, jerky tendon reflexes and behaviour disorders. For more information, contact: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. MRI is the modality of choice for evaluation of cerebral changes related to toluene toxicity. Cerebral and Apr 26, 1997 · We describe the clinical evaluation of the nervous-system effects of solvent exposure. In this article, we report 2 men who presented with multifocal central nervous system (CNS) defects including bilateral optic Jun 25, 2023 · carbon monoxide strongly binds to hemoglobin and the resultant carboxyhemoglobin in the bloodstream can cause profound hypoxic/anoxic injury. Benzene is known to cause hematological disorders. On T2-weighted images, loss of gray-white matter No respiratory effects were reported in mice or rats after oral exposure to toluene at dosage levels up to 2,500 mg/kg/day for 13 weeks or 590 mg/kg/day for 6 months. MRI of the brain demonstrates extensive increased T2 signal in the white matter extending from the centrum semiovale, down the posterior limb of the internal capsule and through the anterolateral pons, as well as the white matter of the cerebellar hemispheres. It is flammable at temperatures greater than 40°F (4. mri. ɒl, - ɔːl, - oʊl / ), is a substituted aromatic hydrocarbon [15] with the chemical formula C6H5CH3, often abbreviated as PhCH3, where Ph stands for phenyl group. Aug 5, 2020 · Toluene toxicity. Use of these drugs may result in a diverse array of acute and chronic complications involving almost any body organ, and imaging frequently plays a vital role in detection and characterization of such complications. It has been previously reported that rhabdomyolysis and acute hepatorenal injury could be hallmarks of the condition, and could constitute risk factors for Nov 1, 2019 · Toluene intoxication has long been associated with the development of type 1 (distal) renal tubular acidosis (RTA), which causes a normal anion gap (AG) hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis and hypokalemia [3]. Gender: Male. Neurologic lesions on MRI and CT scanning correlate with impairments on psychological tests in toluene abusers. Chamblee, GA 30341-3717. 4–8 Toluene is the major solvent in spray paint, and this legal Oct 27, 2020 · The main neurological feature of chronic toluene toxicity is the cognitive impairment. Neuroimaging studies show that CNS white matter changes due to toluene toxicity appear to be irreversible. The cases are characterised by individuals who have primarily abused toluene (in the form of pure toluene, glue-containing toluene, as well as other toxic chemicals including acetone, ethyl acetate, and paint thinner-containing toluene, and other toxic chemicals including naphtha Dec 2, 2013 · Toxic leukoencephalopathy is a structural alteration of the white matter following exposure to various toxic agents. Additionally low signal is seen in Toxic encephalopathy is a neurologic disorder caused by exposure to neurotoxic organic solvents such as toluene, following exposure to heavy metals such as manganese, as a side effect of melarsoprol treatment for African trypanosomiasis, adverse effects to prescription drugs, or exposure to extreme concentrations of any natural toxin such as cyanotoxins found in shellfish or freshwater toluene may be exposed to higher concentrations. Many organic solvents have great addictive potential; toluene is the most commonly abused hydrocarbon solvent, primarily through “glue sniffing. 18 The patient refused to give any information about the ingredients of the paints used by him. However, dangerous metabolic abnormalities are associated to acute toluene intoxication. Toluene is a highly toxic chemical that can bring about a wide range of detrimental health effects when inhaled, swallowed, or when it comes into contact with the skin Toluene. The brain displayed diffuse, ill-defined myelin pallor, maximal in cerebellar, periventricular, and Mar 3, 2021 · MRI is the investigation of choice to assess these features. Over the next few days, hypodensity in the deep grey matter (thalami and basal ganglia) and brainstem develop 1. On the other hand, the final product of toluene metabolism, hippuric acid can accumulate, elevating the anion gap and causing a high Anion gap Aug 18, 2015 · The hallmarks of acute toluene intoxication are hypokalemic paralysis and metabolic acidosis. Thus, toluene was not assigned a skin notation by ACGIH for worker incidental contact with the liquid. The scan on the left shows diffuse hyperintensity of the cerebral white matter consistent with widespread myelin injury. Imaging plays a key role in determining the most probable diagnosis, pointing to the next steps of investigation, and Jun 18, 2014 · With toluene found in glue sniffing, the MRI findings of white matter changes and the prominent nuclei of the basal ganglia and brainstem are well documented . CNS lesions were also demonstrated by MRI in a 51-year-old woman who misused a solvent containing n-hexane . MRI ATSDR Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry BAEP Brainstem auditory evoked potentials BMD Benchmark dose BMDL BMD lower 95% confidence limit BMDS Benchmark dose modeling software BMR Benchmark response BTEX Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes CAS Chemical Abstracts Service Toluene ( / ˈtɒl. The U. The central nervous system (CNS) is the primary target organ for toluene toxicity in both humans and animals for acute (short-term) and chronic (long Sep 1, 1988 · Toluene is a major compo- nance imaging (MRI), and brainstem auditory evokec nent of many paints, lacquers, glues, adhesives, inks, and sponse (BAERs) findings in 11 chronic toluene abusers cleaning liquids. Toluene is used in making paints, paint thinners, fingernail polish, lacquers, adhesives, and rubber and in 1. The patient’s MRI Patient Data. Toluene. Cerebral atrophy most prominently involved the corpus callosum and cerebellar vermis. The nature of the complications depends to a large extent on the drug used, the method of administration, and the Aug 9, 2001 · T 2-weighted MRI is the procedure of choice because of its superior ability to display white matter. SummaryToluene is added to gasoline, used to produce benzene, and used as a. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) identifies the A 27-year-old man with a 10-year history of toluene abuse developed dementia, cerebellar ataxia, dysarthria and pyramidal signs. Toxic leukoencephalopathy is a rare condition that is characterized by progressive damage (-pathy) to white matter (-leuko-) in the brain (-encephalo-), particularly myelin, due to causes such as exposure to substance use, environmental toxins, or chemotherapeutic drugs. Toluene is the major component of organic industrial solvents that is thought to cause the neurotoxicity seen in solvent abusers (3, 4). CT. Vapor exposure occurs through occupation or purposeful inhalation (huffing) to produce inebriation. e. In this study, we presented a case report of cognitive impairment caused by long-term exposure to chemical dyes that contained benzene. Toluene is an aromatic hydrocarbon with narcotic and neurotoxic effects and, like all inhalants, has the potential to induce addiction Jul 6, 2017 · Toxic leukoencephalopathy represents a process of structural alteration of the white matter. Prescribed medications or medical therapies that can affect the CNS include immunosuppressants, antiepileptics, nitrous oxide May 30, 2012 · Context: Toluene inhalation is a common form of drug abuse throughout the world. 8). Mar 3, 2021 · Ingestion of ethylene glycol indirectly results in central nervous system compromise, cardiopulmonary depression, and renal failure 1 . Two men presented with multifocal central nervous system defects and bilateral optic Mar 20, 2023 · LD means lethal dose. Toxic and metabolic brain disorders are relatively uncommon dis-eases that affect the central nervous system, but they are important to recognize as they can lead to catastrophic outcomes if not rapidly and properly managed. It contains descriptions and evaluations of toxicological studies and epidemiological investigations and provides conclusions, where possible, on the relevance of toxicity and toxicokinetic Jul 1, 2008 · As can be seen in Table 1, these case studies are typically of young adults with an average age of 26 years. 2 Central nervous system (CNS) toxicity is a rare but serious complication and its imaging findings are not well known. Aug 9, 2021 · Introduction: Toluene toxicity primarily affects central nervous system white matter, causing a characteristic brain MRI pattern. Most inhalants are central nervous system depressants that are addicting physically and psychologically. Feb 1, 2011 · The mechanism of toxicity of toluene, a highly-prevalent and volatile organic compound, is largely unknown. Liver injury and rhabdomyolysis are common. MRI many countries. We report a 49-year-old man exposed to an explosion of lacquer thinner with brain MRI features atypical from those of chronic toxic solvent intoxication. Toluene occurs naturally in crude oil and in the tolu tree. The hallmark complications of toluene toxicity are renal tubular acidosis and hypokalemic paralysis. Moreover, nerve growth factor (NGF), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), dopamine (DA), and Feb 1, 2021 · Extensive blood and radiological investigations ruled out infectious, immunological, endocrine, nutritional, vasculitis, and hematological diseases. The majority of MRI in 6 chronic toluene abusers revealed the following abnormalities: (1) diffuse cerebral, cerebellar, and brainstem atrophy; (2) loss of differentiation between the gray and white matter throughout the central nervous system; and (3) increased periventricular white matter signal intensity on T2-weighted images. As a volatile solvent, misuse or abuse is common, resulting in an acute toxidrome. ATSDR Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry BAEP Brainstem auditory evoked potentials BMD Benchmark dose BMDL BMD lower 95% confidence limit BMDS Benchmark dose modeling software BMR Benchmark response BTEX Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes CAS Chemical Abstracts Service Aug 8, 2023 · Two aromatic hydrocarbons that are commonly abused for their euphoric effect include toluene (methylbenzene) and benzene. On the other hand, the final product of toluene metabolism, hippuric acid can accumulate, elevating the anion gap and causing a high Anion gap Apr 8, 2021 · To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of benzene poisoning presenting with status epilepticus. The syndrome of TL, however, began to be investigated formally in the early 1980s with the first MRI demonstration of leukotoxic injury, most notably the dra-matic effects exerted by toluene abuse on the cerebral and cerebellar white matter. Toluene is a clear, colorless, volatile liquid with a sweet, pungent, benzene-like odor. 108-88-3. Oct 19, 2020 · MRI. carbon monoxide is also a respiratory chain metabolism toxin that interferes with mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and activates polymorphonuclear leukocytes, which undergo diapedesis and cause Apr 6, 2012 · Isoniazid (INH) is frequently used for the treatment of latent or active tuberculosis (TB) in adults and children. Feb 15, 2019 · Toluene naturally occurs in crude oil at low levels and, as such, toluene is typically generated during the process of making fuels from crude oil. ATSDR Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry BAEP Brainstem auditory evoked potentials BMD Benchmark dose BMDL BMD lower 95% confidence limit BMDS Benchmark dose modeling software BMR Benchmark response BTEX Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes CAS Chemical Abstracts Service MRI may be helpful in showing brain toxicity associated with chronic toluene inhalation. CSF real time PCR tests ruled out CNS infections. Rather, the intention is to identify well-established methods that are used as the standard methods of analysis Nov 2, 2023 · Toluene and xylene are strong compounds that are used in many household and industrial products. 4770 Buford Highway. A 27-year-old man with a 10-year history of toluene abuse developed dementia, cerebellar ataxia, dysarthria and pyramidal signs. Feb 24, 2024 · Methanol (CH 3 OH) is a clear, colourless liquid which is biotransformed in-vivo to formaldehyde and formic acid; the latter metabolite is primarily responsible for the associated metabolic acidosis as well as the neurologic and ophthalmologic toxicity 4. Conclusion Our study illustrates the amalgamated spectrum of MRI appearances in various subgroups of toxic encephalopathies. 2002). Phone: 1-800-CDC-INFO 888-232-6348 (TTY) Email: Contact CDC-INFO. It is also produced in the process of making gasoline and other fuels from crude oil and making coke from coal. On T2-weighted images, loss of gray-white matter contrast, diffuse supratentorial white matter high Feb 1, 2011 · Toluene (methyl benzene) is a colorless liquid found in many commonly used glues, paints, and industrial products [1]. After absorption and distribution, methanol undergoes rapid, sequential oxidation by the Jun 7, 2024 · Generally, and unlike other toxic encephalopathies, these areas do not show evidence of hyperattenuating macroscopic hemorrhage. We present two Japanese men with a more than 10-year history of toluene inhalation. It is caused by substance abuse including drugs such as heroin, cocaine, toluene and ethanol. Jan 11, 2024 · Toluene is a simple benzene derivative also known as methylbenzene, phenylmethane, or toluol. Acute toluene toxicity causes neurological changes as well as various metabolic alterations. ” MRI may be helpful in showing brain toxicity associated with chronic toluene inhalation. Demyelination and gliosis in the cerebral and cer-ebellar white matter are the histologic changes re-ported in chronic toluene abusers (5, 6). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed atrophy of the cerebrum, corp This Public Health Statement summarizes the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry’s (ATSDR) findings on toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), including chemical characteristics, exposure risks, possible health effects from exposure, and ways to limit exposure. ju. urces. Get an All-Access Pass. It is widely used as a raw material in the production of organic compounds such as benzene. On the other hand, the final product of toluene metabolism, hippuric acid can accumulate, elevating the anion gap and causing a high anion Sep 1, 1998 · MRI may be helpful in showing brain toxicity associated with chronic toluene inhalation. Mar 3, 2021 · MRI is the investigation of choice to assess these features. Once absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, which occurs rapidly, ethylene glycol is converted to glyoxylic acid and oxalic acid which are the compounds responsible for toxicity, and metabolic acidosis 1. List of known side effects. Whilst the deafness and optic atrophy have been seen in toluene toxicity of glue sniffing, the peripheral neuropathy could be attributed to hydrocarbons including toluene in gasoline and Jul 31, 2020 · Few reports have used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to explore the effect of damaged brain regions on cognitive function in patients with chronic benzene poisoning. Objective: To identify the clinical and metabolic alterations associated with toluene intoxication. the MRI era. Imaging patterns on CT and MRI can be pathognomonic for causes of toxic leukoencephalopathy. In animals, toluene can pass from the Feb 24, 2024 · Methanol (CH 3 OH) is a clear, colourless liquid which is biotransformed in-vivo to formaldehyde and formic acid; the latter metabolite is primarily responsible for the associated metabolic acidosis as well as the neurologic and ophthalmologic toxicity 4. Toluene is a clear, colorless liquid with a distinctive smell. 2 ppb Toxicokinetics and Biomonitoring Toxicokinetics Absorption of toluene occurs from the lungs, the gastrointestinal tract, and skin. juiːn / ), also known as toluol ( / ˈtɒl. In the first 1-2 days, CT will generally demonstrate cerebral edema. However, rodents do not develop ocular effects (Tephly, 1991 Toluene intoxication has long been associated with the development of type 1 (distal) renal tubular acidosis (RTA), which causes a normal anion gap hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis and hypokalemia . Jul 1, 2007 · Recreational drug abuse is increasing throughout the world. The initial step in toluene metabolism is transformation by Feb 1, 2013 · The mechanism whereby toluene causes toxicity to selected brain regions is currently not understood. Methanol toxicity, as discussed earlier, in human cases of intentional ingestion, is due to the metabolite of methanol formic acid which accumulates in the eye leading to blindness. To examine the role of miRNAs in toluene-induced toxicity, we investigated miRNAs and toluene-induced gene expression in HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells and exosomes using microarrays. The presentation can either be chronic or acute. Toluene and xylene poisoning can occur when someone swallows these substances, breathes in their fumes, or when these substances touch the skin. Keywords: Lacquer thinner; Magnetic resonance imaging; Toluene Apr 18, 2013 · In light of these findings, this article has 2 objectives: 1. The majority of The lipid-dependent distribution and pharmacokinetic properties of toluene appears to explain the pattern of MRI abnormalities, as well as the common symptoms and signs of toluene encephalopathy. The right/left difference may have been caused by a disparity in the vulnerability of the CWM, i. The primary purpose of this chapter is to provide public health officials, physicians, toxicologists, and other interested individuals and groups with an overall perspective on the toxicology of benzene. It is a colorless, water -insoluble liquid with the odor associated with paint thinners. We report clinical and MRI findings over 3 years in a man with gradual neurologic decline secondary to Oct 7, 2019 · Toxic and metabolic brain disorders are relatively uncommon diseases that affect the central nervous system, but they are important to recognize as they can lead to catastrophic outcomes if not rapidly and properly managed. A 34-year-old man with a 3-year history of MA abuse Aug 4, 2023 · MRI brain was obtained after the patient was intubated, which revealed diffuse cerebral white matter T2 FLAIR hyperintensity and diffusion restriction, as well as hypointense T1 signal bilaterally, along with clinically progressive encephalopathy over four weeks, most compatible with progressive toxic metabolic injury versus opiate-induced The primary purpose of this chapter is to provide public health officials, physicians, toxicologists, and other interested individuals and groups with an overall perspective on the toxicology of toluene. Aug 1, 2002 · Toluene is the main component of organic solvents and is blamed for the acute and chronic toxic neurologic effects of solvent inhalation. Abstract. These illnesses can be subcategorized into those secondary to alcohol/paraphernalia and buildup of active metabolites. This article addresses some of the most challenging diagnostic issues in neuroimaging. Because of its high lipid solubility, toluene accumulates in lipid-rich tissues such as the diagnosis of inhalation toluene abuse can be made on the basis of consistent MR findings. 9 Some patients with toxic leukoencephalopathy, particularly that due to ethanol exposure, may Jun 1, 2013 · Axial T2 weighted MRI of a chronic toluene abuser and a normal individual. In one patient with severe neurological impairments, T2-weighted MRI images showed symmetrical high-signal areas in the posterior limbs of the internal capsules, cerebral white matter, and cerebellar peduncles. Toluene is rapidly taken up into the bloodstream (Carlsson 1982) and distributed to various brain regions (Gerasimov et al. Toxic leukoencephalopathy is an encephalopathy predominantly affecting white matter as a result of a toxic substance. ATSDR can also tell you the location of occupational and environmental health clinics. Axial T2-weighted image shows a prominent hypointensity of both thalami (arrows). Because of its high lipid solubility, toluene accumulates in lipid-rich tissues such as Nov 26, 2013 · Based on the normal MRA findings, we considered that an anomaly of a major cerebral artery was not a factor that contributed to the asymmetry. The prevalence of this disease is infrequent Long-term toluene exposure is often associated with effects such as: psychoorganic syndrome; [24] visual evoked potential (VEP) abnormality; [24] toxic polyneuropathy, cerebellar, cognitive, and pyramidal dysfunctions; [23] [24] optic atrophy; hearing disorders [25] [26] and brain lesions. Toluene has a high potential for abuse, primarily by inhaling vapors from toluene-containing prod- ucts such as spray paints and glues. Jun 13, 2017 · The most common site affected by CO poisoning is the globus pallidus, which presents on MRI as increased T2 and T2-FLAIR signal intensity (Figure 6A) along with corresponding diffusion restriction in the acute phase. The effects of toluene on the brain white matter will be discussed as a model of the broader topic of toxic leukoencephalopathy, 2. We reported the clinical, radiological and autopsy findings of a rare case of toxic leukoencephalopathy following chronic methamphetamine (MA) usage. We review the current evidence in the epidemiological literature on neurotoxicological effects of solvents, and outline methods and issues to be taken into account in assessment of the patient whose symptoms may be related to solvent toxicity. S. Toluene mixes readily with many organic solvents, but is poorly soluble in water. Toluene (methylbenzene, toluol, phenylmethane) is an aromatic hydrocarbon (C7 H8) commonly used as an industrial solvent for the manufacturing of paints, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and rubber. Toxic leukoencephalopathy. Jun 26, 2024 · Inhaling, or huffing, chemicals such as gasoline, paint thinner and adhesives containing toluene and benzene produces a high similar to alcohol intoxication — loss of inhibition, slurred speech, euphoria, dizziness and disorientation. Jul 1, 2003 · Another chronic toluene abuser (MRI not performed) died as a result of acute toluene overdose. In particular, the putamen and caudate nuclei are predominantly Gasoline contains 5% to 7% toluene by weighty making toluene a common airborne contaminant in industrialized countries. Index terms: Brain, effects of toxic substances on; Brain, magnetic resonance AJNR 14:1195-1199, Sep/Oct 1993 Toluene is an important component of organic solvents. Apr 11, 2022 · Next: Emergency Department Care. lvent. It is insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar compounds. DO NOT use it to treat or manage an actual poison exposure. The metabolism of toluene is depicted in Figure 1. Heroin-induced leukoencephalopathy, also known as heroin-associated spongiform leukoencephalopathy, is a toxic leukoencephalopathy caused by the inhalation of heroin fumes, which is called " chasing the dragon . LD50 is the amount of substance that, when given as a single dose, results in the death of half of the test animals. The neurological manifestations, medical investigations and MRI scan imaging features were not consistent with a paraneoplastic or toxic myelopathy After the identification of some of toluene’s molecular actions, several research groups studied metabolic and neurochemical changes associated with toluene exposure. The caudate, putamen, thalami, cerebellum and brainstem may also be affected, but much less commonly than the globus pallidus. Inhaled toluene is rapidly absorbed by the lungs, from where it easily enters the highly vascularized lipid-rich brain. Join neuroradiologist Francis Deng for a case-based review of toxic and metabolic brain disorders in adults. 7 mg/kg, median 3. Oct 7, 2019 · Toxic and metabolic brain disorders are relatively uncommon diseases that affect the central nervous system, but they are important to recognize as they can lead to catastrophic outcomes if not rapidly and properly managed. This article is for information only. Francis guides you through the common deep grey patterns, cortical grey patterns and white matter patterns, and provides useful insights into how to approach these cases in radiological practice. We report clinical and MRI findings over 3 years in a man with gradual neurologic decline secondary to toluene abuse. Prolonged exposure through occupation or purposeful inhalation may lead to neurologic abnormalities. In the acute phase, acute toxic leukoencephalopathy can have a characteristic and profound MR imaging appearance that is potentially May 7, 2013 · Toluene misuse may lead to optic neuropathy [61, 62]. Toluene is a colorless, clear liquid that has a sweet, distinct smell. Cerebellar and cerebral atrophy can be seen on MRI and computed topography, while demyelination and gliosis can be seen on MRI of chronic toluene users [63, 64]. It contains descriptions and evaluations of toxicological studies and epidemiological investigations and provides conclusions, where possible, on the relevance of toxicity and toxicokinetic Mar 26, 2017 · The acute phase effects of toluene on the brain have been investigated in this study using rabbit brain via histopathological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical methods. 78) was found between the time weighted toluene exposure during a five day working week (range 8-416 mg/cu m, median 75) and the concentration of toluene in subcutaneous adipose tissue (range 1. Exposure to toluene may occur from breathing ambient or indoor air affected by such. The intent is not to provide an exhaustive list of analytical methods. Toluene distributes widely to tissues and preferentially to fat, brain, bone marrow, liver, and kidneys. Toluene, a colorless liquid found in glues, paints, and industrial products, is lipid soluble and rapidly absorbed by the lipid-rich central nervous system. Toxic and metabolic brain disorders manifest secondary to derangements of a well-balanced environment encompassing metabolic substrates, neurotransmitters, electrolytes, physiologic pH levels, and blood flow, either by endogenous malfunctions or exogenous toxic effects. PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMENT FOR TOLUENE. 2. On admission, altered mental status, renal failure, severe acidemia and female gender (not significant in our study, but present in all three deaths) could be ass … Aug 18, 2015 · Background Toluene is one of the most widely abused inhaled drugs due to its acute neurologic effects including euphoria and subsequent depression. 1-20. It is identified as CAS#108-88-3, and the United Nations Department of Transportation's number for toluene is UN#1294. For example, using microPET, [ 84] it has been shown that acute and repeated toluene exposure markedly reduces metabolic function in rat brain. It is present in a wide variety of prod ucts, including spray paints and glues. Toxic leukoencephalopathy is a structural alteration of the white matter following exposure to various toxic agents. Chronic low-level occupational or industrial exposure to toluene can cause toxicity. Also seen is mildly decreased signal intensity of the left globus pallidus, generalised atrophy and diffusely increased signal of the white matter with loss of grey–white matter Oct 7, 2019 · Introduction. A 21-year-old male with organic solvent abuse for 5 years. LD50 of toluene for oral route is LD50>5000 mg/kg, for dermal route is LD50> 5000 mg/kg, and for inhalation route LC50> OR = 20mg/L. No changes in lung weight or histology were reported in female mice exposed to 600 mg/kg/day via gavage for 14 days, compared with controls. MRI. In a group of 37 rotogravure printers a close correlation (rs = 0. Nevertheless, the presence of other lesions associated on MRI, other than the white matter hyperintensities, are not typical in chronic toluene toxicity. The patient had a clear history of contact with benzene; however, no workplace sampling was obtained to confirm the presence of benzene, which is the limitation of this case. The central nervous system (CNS) is the primary target organ for toluene toxicity in both humans and animals for acute (short-term) and chronic (long Jan 29, 2023 · Citation, DOI, disclosures and article data. [23] The neurotoxic effects of long-term use (in . Primary prevention of these disorders is essential, because Jan 3, 2002 · Toluene is the main component of organic solvents and is blamed for the acute and chronic toxic neurologic effects of solvent inhalation. This Public Health Statement summarizes the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry’s (ATSDR) findings on toluene, including chemical characteristics, exposure risks, possible health effects from exposure, and ways to limit exposure. Toluene is less dense than water and will float on Aug 27, 2014 · It has been reported that in chronic toluene abusers, MRI often reveals diffuse atrophy of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem (also discernible with computed tomography), increased periventricular white matter signal on T2-weighted images, and loss of gray matter-white matter differentiation across the cortex. at or above 0. , the degree of white matter maturation may have influenced the toxicity of toluene. Hypokalemic paralysis and renal failure are life-threatening complications. od mu ib lq cg ld dr lm gc bn